TL;DR - Not the syllabus. Two meta-skills: knowing how to study, and doing one thing at a time.
When I think about what the CS degree really gave me, it's not any specific subject.
Before the degree, I didn't know I could reliably retain information in my head. After passing the finals with an A, I know how to study and how to approach studying systematically. That skill transfers to everything I'll ever learn. That's the first thing.
The second: I learned that doing one thing at a time is absolutely essential - especially as a software engineer. It's the only way to do things well.